enthusiasm / enthuse

Enthusiastic men, c. 1912; the man in center with outstretched fist is singer Billy Murray; the others are unidentified

16 January 2026

The meanings of words change over time. Sometimes words become more specialized; the Old English deor was used to refer to any kind of wild beast, but by the end of the thirteenth century had started to be used specifically to refer to the creature we now call a deer. Other words become more general over time; one such is enthusiasm.

Enthusiasm comes into English from Greek ἐνθουσιασμός and the Latin enthusiasmus, where it refers to the state of being possessed by a god. It was a religious term for a state of divine ecstasy or frenzy. This Latin and Greek meaning was the sense of the word when it was first used in English, but the earliest uses in English are in reference to heretical Christian sects who were thought to be falsely inspired by supposed divine influences. Here is one such use, in the form enthusiast, in a 1536 translation of Philip Melanchthon:

And it is profitable also as much as may be, to garnishe the ministration of the worde with al maner prayse agaynst mad men, whiche dreame that the holy ghoste is gyuen nat by the worde, but for certaine preparatio[n]s of theyr owne, if they syt ydle holdynge theyr tonges in darke places, lokyng after illumination / lyke as they dyd in olde tyme whiche were called enthusiastes whiche fayned them selues to be inflate and inspired by the diuine influence and power, and as these Anabaptistes do at this day.

Toward the end of the century, enthusiasm was being used in reference to being filled with a different kind of spirit. From a 1593 translation of François Rabelais’s Orthœpia Gallica:

In vvine is truth, that is to say, In vvine is truth.

Harke my friend, I vvill tell thee a thing in thine eare, tell no body if thou loue me, it shall rest secret betweene vs two: it is, that I find the vvine better and more pleasant to my tast then I vvas vvoont: more then I vvas wont I feare the meeting of a bad cup of vvine, and to tell you the plaine truth, the odour of vvine how much more it is delicious, smirking and surpassing, by so much more celestiall and delicate is it then oile, That is spoken like a man of learning. I vvill tell other stories. Tarry a little that I deduce a dram out of this bottell: Lo here my very and sole Helicon. See here my Fountaine Caballine. This is mine onely Enthusiasmos.

And by the beginning of the seventeenth century the word was being used to refer to poetic inspiration, being metaphorically possessed by one’s muse. From a 1605 translation of Du Bartas’s Divine Weeks and Works we see the French equivalent left untranslated:

For yet (besides my vaines and bones bereft
Of blood and marrow, through thy secret theft)
I feele the vertue of my spirit decayd,
Th’Enthousiasmos of my Muse allaid.

And on the title page of Thomas Dekker’s 1620 Dekker His Dreame we see enthusiasm used in a non-translation context:

Dekker his Dreame.

In which, beeing rapt with a Poeticall Enthusiasme, the great Volumes of Heauen and Hell to Him were opened, in which he read many Wonderfull Things.

And by the early eighteenth century we see enthusiasm being used in the sense we’re most familiar with today, that of a passion or intensity of feeling for some cause, principle, or activity. Here we see it in a 16 March 1717 letter by English bishop White Kennett on the subject of a planned invasion of England by Sweden which never happened:

And yet amidst these divisions at home we are daily threatened with invasion from abroad, though certainly we are so well prepared against it, that the King of Sweden, who was so desperate to project it, must have much more enthusiasm in him to put it in execution.

And in the early nineteenth century we start to see the backformation to enthuse. It is originally an Americanism, but its earliest recorded use is by the Scottish botanist David Douglas in a 9 July 1827 letter about the results of his trip to the Pacific Northwest. Douglas was a Scot, but he had spent several years in North America and picked up some of the idioms spoken there:

In Botany my expectations have not been realized, but at the same time, being in possession of several not included in the American Flora, many interesting and but partially known species, with some additional knowledge as to the geographical range of plants, an enquiry of the greatest importance, I have no reason to regret the journey At all events, my humble exertions will I trust convey and enthuse, and draw attention to the beautifully varied verdure of N. W. America.

While originally an Americanism, enthuse can now be found on both sides of the Atlantic. It is found primarily in an informal register, and there are many who criticize its use. But it quite clearly a well-established word, and while perhaps it is best to avoid its use in formal writing, in less formal contexts it is perfectly fine.

That’s quite a journey in a mere four centuries, from religious ecstasy and boozing it up to acquiring a sometimes-derided backformation.

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Sources:

Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste. Bartas His Deuine Weekes & Workes. Joshua Sylvester, trans. H. Lownes, 1605, 341. ProQuest: Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Dekker, Thomas. Dekker His Dreame. London: Nicholas Okes, 1620, title page. ProQuest: Early English Books Online.

Douglas, David. Letter, 9 July 1827. In Athelstan George Harvey. Douglas of the Fir: A Biography of David Douglas Botanist. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1947, 148. Cornell University Library: Core Historical Literature of Agriculture.

Kennett, White. Letter to Dr. Blackwell, 16 March 1716/17. In Henry Ellis, ed. Original Letters Illustrative of English History, second series, vol. 4. London: Harding and Lepard, 1827, 306. HathiTrust Digital Library.

Melanchthon, Philip. “The Apologie or Defense of the Confessyon of the Prynces of Germany.” Richard Taverner, trans. In The Confessyon of the Fayth of the Germaynes. London: Robert Redman, 1536, sig. N6v. ProQuest: Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Merriam-Webster.com, 27 November 2025, s.v. enthuse, v.

Oxford English Dictionary Online, September 2018, s.v. enthusiasm, n., enthuse, v., enthusiast, n.

Rabelais, François. Orthœpia Gallica. Eliots Fruits for the French. John Eliot, trans. London: Richard Field for John Wolfe, 1593, 41. ProQuest: Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Photo credit: Unknown photograph, c. 1912. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain image.

blitz / blitzkrieg

London firefighters trying to extinguish a blaze during the Blitz, 10–11 May 1940

14 January 2026

Blitz is a clipping of Blitzkrieg, the German word meaning lightning war, which referred to the high-speed, offensive tactics made famous by the German army in the opening months of World War II. In English, blitz can refer to a sudden, violent military attack, especially one by air, or metaphorically to any fast or sudden movement or change.

The earliest use of blitzkrieg in English that I’m aware of is in a translation of a German military document regarding the German strategy for intervening in the Spanish Civil War that was printed in several American newspapers in March 1938:

Interventionists in Spain have visions of paralyzing or even cutting the lines of communications so vital to France in transporting her colonial forces.

Such an eventuality might become decisive in the first phase of the Blitzkrieg (lightning war) against France, that scheme so dear to the military chiefs of National Socialist Germany.

And the earliest use I know of that is not a translation of a German text is in an article about a spike in the price of gold in the 20 August 1938 issue of the Times of Malaya. The timing is that of the crisis over the Sudetenland, which would result in the infamous Munich Conference the next month:

They are convinced, too, that the war scare now so evident on the Continent will diminish as soon as the historically fateful month of August is passed, since even the most nervy of men realise that dictators are unlikely to strike during late autumn or in winter, because good and settled weather conditions are considered essential to the success of the blitzkrieg plan!

It might seem odd that such an early use of the term would be in a Malaysian newspaper, but it is probable that the copy was written by a London correspondent for an English audience in the then-British colony. A few months later we get a similar use in the Malay Mail of 8 April 1939:

A symptom of the quickening tempo in Germany is the new finance plan which is purely a short-term expedient. The plan leads to the assumption that its adoption was inspired by “Blitzkrieg” philosophy.

And there is this rather prophetic analysis of how the coming war would play out in London’s Picture Post of 22 April 1939:

Hitler’s success so far, following the precepts of Mein Kampf, has lain in a series of isolated lightning attacks, not one of which has been sufficient to bring in Britain or France. He might still win a “Blitz-Krieg”—a lightning war against either the West or Russia. But owing to the lack of materials he could not win a protracted war. His one chance is to divide.

And shortly after the start of the war, we get a metaphorical, non-military use of blitzkrieg as a verb. From an article about the Golden Gate International Exposition in the San Francisco Chronicle of 9 October 1939:

On this page you can see for yourself, just in case you’re one of the two or three people who didn’t get to Treasure Island yesterday, how the mass of humanity moved in and blitzkrieged the Exposition. All the central points of interest were jam-packed.

Also in 1939 we start to see widespread use of the clipped form blitz referring to a variety of fast or speedy things. Fears of the coming war and a German military strike were clearly making an impact on the language. There is this telephonic use of Blitz call from London’s Listener of 26 January 1939. I am not sure, however, whether Blitz call was a jargon term in German, and therefore simply a reference to lightning and not the military tactic, or if it was coined in English by the reporter:

After Marshal von Hindenburg’s impressive funeral at Tannenberg, right away in a remote part of East Prussia, for example, one American news agency correspondent rushed to the only telephone in the neighbourhood, asked for a Blitz call to his office—that is to say a call at nine times the normal rate—and only discovered when he had dictated his very expensive story that he had accidentally been put through to the wrong number and had dictated it to a rival agency.

There was also a British racehorse named Blitz that had great success that year. Early uses of colloquial terms often appear in the names of racehorses. From London’s Daily Mirror of 15 March 1939:

Turkhan, a son of Theresina, is about the most forwards of the Bahrams at present, but on appearance he gives nothing to Blitz, a colt by Blenheim—Friar’s Lady.

And for further evidence that blitz was very much in the English Zeitgeist of the time, the British comic strip Pip, Squeak and Wilfred also featured a dog named Blitz.

After the start of the war, we see blitz used in this poem from the Daily Mail of 9 December 1939, during the period of the “Sitzkrieg,” where Germany was technically at war with Britain and France but there were no significant hostilities on land:

It seems that our No. 1 Fritz
Is fed to the teeth with his Blitz.
     There’s so little krieging
     He finds it fatiguing,
And worries because Churchill twits.

And the 1 January 1940 European edition of the New York Herald Tribune reported on a blitz flu that had struck England:

A new form of influenza, termed “blitz flu” because it lasts only forty-eight hours, has made its appearance in England.

Like ordinary flu its symptoms are cold shivers, headache and pains in the muscles. Thousands of persons in all parts of the country are suffering from “blitz flu,” but fortunately the malady is of a mild character.

Of course, the Blitz (with the definite article) was the German bombing campaign of London and other British cities between the defeat of the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain and the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The Blitz lasted from September 1940 to May 1941.

There are lots of other metaphorical uses of blitz that flow from the World War II term. Blitz chess makes its appearance by 1942, as reported in the 5 April 1942 Hartford Courant:

Postal number two tells of the fourth annual banquet of the Deep River Chess Club […] After dinner, the evening was devoted to “blitz” chess interrupted for twenty minutes by a blackout test.

And of course there is its use in American football, where a blitz is a play where defensive backs charge the opposing quarterback in an effort to disrupt a pass play. From the San Diego Union of 27 December 1962:

I guess Green Bay is a pleasant place but I’d hate to live in a town where football is the only topic of conversation. Even the women in Green Bay are so knowledgeable about the sport they amuse themselves at cocktail parties drawing up draft lists for the Packers; and they casually toss off such trade terms as “red dog” and “blitz.” A violinist or chess player wouldn’t have much to talk about in Green Bay.

So while the meaning of blitz has evolved somewhat over the years, it still remains close to its violent roots.

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Sources:

Avery, G. E. “Conn. Chess League and Club Notes.” Hartford Courant (Connecticut), 5 April 1942, A5/1. ProQuest Newspapers.

Bartlett, Vernon. “Foreign Correspondent.” Listener (London), 26 January 1939, 189/2. Gale Primary Sources: The Listener Historical Archive, 1929–1991.

“‘Blitz Flu’ Hits England, Mild Variety of Malady.” New York Herald Tribune (European Edition, Paris), 1 January 1940, 3/2. Gale Primary Sources: International Herald Tribune Historical Archive, 1887-2013.

Bouverie. “Newmarket’s Wealth of Racing Talent.” Daily Mirror (London), 15 March 1939, 28/2. Gale Primary Sources: Mirror Historical Archive, 1903–2000.

“European Climax in 12 Months.” Malay Mail (Kuala Lumpur), 8 April 1939, 3/4. Gale Primary Sources: British Library Newspapers.

“German Officer’s Secret War Papers Deride Hitler’s Spanish Objective.” New York Post, 9 March 1938, 1/1. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

Green’s Dictionary of Slang, accessed 4 December 2025, s.v. blitz, n., blitz, v.2, blitzed, adj.

Hulton, Edward. “Resist German on Both Fronts.” Picture Post (London), 22 April 1939, 53/3. Gale Primary Sources: Picture Post Historical Archive, 1938-1957.

“London Rush to Buy Gold and Gold Shares.” Times of Malaya, 20 August 1938, 12/4. Gale Primary Sources: British Library Newspapers.

Murphy, Jack. “Who Wants to Live in a Town Where Football Is the Only Topic?” San Diego Union (California), 27 December 1962, a-15/1. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

Oxford English Dictionary Online, 1972, s.v. blitzkrieg, n., blitz, n.

“Pardon Our Pride, but San Francisco Does Know How!” San Francisco Chronicle (California), 9 October 1939, 10/4. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

“You Never Can Tell.” Daily Mail (London), 9 December 1939, 2/5. Gale Primary Sources: Daily Mail Historical Archive.

Photo credit: London Fire Brigade photographer, 10–11 May 1940. Imperial War Museum, image HU 1129. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain image.

incel

12 January 2026

Incel is a portmanteau of involuntary celibate, referring to a person, usually a heterosexual man, who desires a sexual or romantic partner but is unable to find one. The term arose as a self-identifier and spawned a virtual subculture as those who could not find sexual partners reached out for support on the internet. But over the years that subculture and the term itself morphed into one associated with male entitlement to sex and violent misogyny. Ironically, however, the movement was started and the term incel was coined by a bisexual woman, only to be transformed into something quite different than originally envisioned.

In 1997 an anonymous, undergraduate, bisexual woman named Alana at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario created the website Alana’s Involuntary Celibacy Project. The website is no longer online. That website launch is apparently the first use of the phrase involuntary celibate. She initially used the abbreviation invcel, shortened to conform to the old DOS eight-character limit for filenames, but by 1999 she had switched to incel when a reader suggested that would be easier to pronounce. Sometime between 17 January and 20 April 1999 she posted an article to her site titled “The Incel Movement: What we can learn from the gay rights movement”:

Society does not understand who we are, or have a name for our problem (in fact, straight incels are often assumed to be gay).

This is apparently the earliest use of the portmanteau incel. (The ambiguity in the date is a result of when the Internet Archive took its snapshots of the site. Alana’s web pages did not contain dates of publication.) Alana and the early incarnations of her site are in no way associated with the violent and misogynist nature of the incel movement today.

The phrase involuntary celibacy is much older, however. For instance, there is this from the 7 July 1874 issue of the New York Times:

Mr. GOLDWIN SMITH has stirred up something very like a hornet’s nest by his article on “Female Suffrage” in Macmillan’s Magazine. A correspondent of the Examiner, URSULA M. BRIGHT, is particularly stinging in her comments. She reminds the Professor that there are 800,000 more women than men in Great Britain, and that it is “particularly cruel that women should be taunted with contempt for matrimony by a man who has himself done nothing to reduce, even by one, the overwhelming numbers of those condemned to involuntary celibacy.”

But for years the portmanteau incel remained restricted to various recesses of the internet. The Urban Dictionary added an entry for incel on 12 March 2007, indicating that despite the paucity of its appearances in mainstream publications, the term was alive and well. The entry also shifted the sex from female to male:

incel
involuntary celibate: someone who is celibate but doesn’t want to be
“He’s an incel. He tries to get dates every week but gets turned down all that time.”

It would take misogynistic men with guns to bring awareness of the term incel to the general public. There is this from the McClatchy-Tribune Business News wire service from 26 January 2013:

Clearly, guns offer more protection in fantasy than in reality.

Further, no one needs weapons of war, i.e., military assault rifles for either self-defense or hunting. Their only use is in the service of violent fantasy or actual murder, or of course in a vain effort to feel sufficiently big, strong and masculine.

Recently, the sexual, as well as the angry, violent and misogynist use of guns has been inadvertently highlighted by men who identify with the “incel” (involuntarily celibate) movement, at least four of whom have been among recent mass murderers.

Since then, the term has entered mainstream discourse.

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Sources:

Alana. “The Word ‘Incel.’” Love, not Anger (blog), 7 October 2019. Archive.org.  

Blum, Lawrence D. “What Guns Really Protect Is a Sense of Manhood.” McClatchy-Tribune Business News, 26 January 2013. ProQuest: Wire Feed.

Bydlowska, Jowita. “The Woman Who Accidentally Started the Incel Movement,” Elle, 1 March 2016.

Donnelly, Denise, et al., “Involuntary Celibacy: A Life Course Analysis,” Journal of Sex Research, 38.2, May 2001, 159–69

New York Times, 7 July 1874, 4/2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Urbandictionary.com, 12 March 2007, s.v. incel.

Zimmer, Ben. “How ‘Incel’ Got Hijacked.” Politico.com, 8 May 2018.

Image credit: Miss Luna Rose 12, 2019. Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

ergonomics

9 January 2026

Ergonomics is a combination of the Greek ἔργον (ergo, meaning work) + the English -nomics, taken from economics. It is the study of the interaction of people and their work environments, particularly in reference to efficiency and safety. The word was evidently coined in 1949 by a group of British scientists working in this field. The earliest use in print that I’m aware of is in the British medical journal The Lancet on 1 April 1950:

In July, 1949, a group of people decided to form a new society for which the name the “Ergonomics Research Society” has now been adopted. Ergonomics by definition is to mean “the study of the relation between man and his working environment,” particularly the application of anatomical, physiological, and psychological knowledge of the problems arising therefrom. This covers the field which has variously been described as “fitting the machine to the man,” human engineering, that part of industrial psychology not concerned with vocational guideance, &c.

The adjective ergonomic, applied particularly to the design of objects and working space with efficiency and safety in mind, appears in a paper by Wilfred. E. Le Gros Clarke at a 1951 conference sponsored by the aforementioned Ergonomics Research Society:

One of the difficulties with which the anatomist has to contend in ergonomic problems is the great variability of the dimensions of the human body. This difficulty continually obtrudes itself in connection with the amount of working space which is required by men engaged in different jobs, with the design of seating or standing supports, the positioning of controls, instruments and viewing apparatus, and the fitting of clothing or harness of one sort or another.

Le Gros Clarke is more famous as one of the men who debunked the Piltdown Man hoax.

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Sources:

Browne, R. C., et al. “Ergonomics Research Society.” Lancet, 1 April 1950, 645–646 at 645/2. Elsevier Science Direct.

Le Gros Clarke, Wilfred E. “The Anatomy of Work” (1951). In Symposium on Human Factors in Equipment Design, Proceedings of the Ergonomics Research Society, vol. 2. London: H. K. Lewis, 1954, 5–15 at 6. 1977 Reprint by Arno Press, New York. Archive.org.

Oxford English Dictionary Online, 1972, s.v. ergonomics, n., ergonomic, adj.

Image credit: Yamavu, 2013. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain image.

zero gravity / zero g / microgravity

Physicist Stephen Hawking experiencing zero gravity on an aircraft flight, 2007

6 January 2026

Zero gravity, also called zero g or microgravity, is the state of weightlessness experienced in outer space (and, as we shall see, at the center of the earth).

The term is much older than you might expect. It first appears back in February 1915 in the journal Science:

First, the instrument commonly taken as the fundamental means of measuring mass—namely, the beam-balance—is essentially a gravitational instrument, depending for its operation on the (established or assumed) equality of the gravitational fields of force at the two ends of the beam; whereas the instrument for measuring forces, at least in a readily idealized form, is a universal instrument, not in any way dependent on locality. For example, if a man should be placed, in imagination, at the “point of zero gravity” between the earth and the moon, it is not at all obvious how he would proceed to measure a given mass with a beam-balance; whereas, if he had a spring balance, in the form, for example, of a grip-testing machine, he could measure the strength of the muscles of his hand, or the attraction between two bodies, just as well under those circumstances as if he were on the surface of the earth.

Zero gravity made its way from science to science fiction by 1938, when the term is used in a story by Jack Binder, “If Science Reached Earth’s Core,” in the October issue of Thrilling Wonder Stories:

Space travel is solved. Starting at the zero-gravity of earth’s core, accumulative acceleration is easily built up in a four-thousand-mile tube. The ships reach the earth’s surface where gravitation is strongest with an appreciable velocity that makes the take-off a simple process of continuation!

Since gravity is the attraction between two masses, if we could go to the center of the earth, we would feel no pull from the earth’s mass. The planet’s mass would surround us, and the pulls in all different directions would cancel each other out—we would be at zero-gravity. Binder's solution for escaping earth's gravity well is quite imaginative, although getting to the earth’s center has proven far, far more difficult than simply launching a rocket into space from the earth’s surface.

For spacecraft in orbit the mechanism is different, but the effect is the same. In earth orbit, the planet’s gravity is still tugging at a spacecraft, but the craft is traveling fast enough that it “falls around” the earth. The craft’s forward motion cancels out the effect of the earth’s gravity and things, including people, float.

We see zero gravity used in reference to actual space flight by December 1952, when it is used in a photo caption in Science News Letter to describe the effects a monkey experienced when launched into space on a rocket:

HISTORIC ZERO-GRAVITY FLIGHT—One of the monkeys which was rocketed nearly 40 miles into space. Results showed that man may be able to stand the gravity-free state for brief periods.

The shorter zero-g is older, dating to an article about Navy dive-bomber pilots that appeared in the 9 June 1940 issue of the Detroit Free Press:

“Recovery,” he said, “occurred in a few seconds following or during a return to zero G (the level) and beyond a brief period of apparent bewilderment, no other effects were noted.”

But here the term is used in a different sense. The article is discussing the effects of high acceleration on pilots, and G here is measuring acceleration, not gravity. Zero-G in this context is the normal acceleration a pilot feels once they have pulled out of a dive and are flying straight and level.

Zero-g is used to mean an absence of gravity in Arthur C. Clarke’s 1952 novel Islands in the Sky:

She was wearing a rather worried smile, and it was quite obvious that she found the absence of gravity very confusing. Remembering my own early struggles, I sympathized with her. She was escorted by an elderly woman who seemed quite at home under zero g and gave Linda a helpful push when she showed signs of being stuck.

The abbreviation G or g is standard physics notation for the force of gravity and has been in use since at least 1726.

Today, space scientists tend to use the term microgravity to describe most real-world zero-gravity situations. In orbit, the effects of earth’s gravity are not completely cancelled out, and other astronomical bodies, notably the moon and the sun, will exert some, albeit very weak, gravitational influence. These minute gravitational forces are not technically “zero,” so the term microgravity is substituted. Use of microgravity dates to the Skylab missions of the mid 1970s, if not earlier. From the 14 February 1975 issue of Science:

The experiments finally chosen to fly on the various Skylab missions are best characterized as a mixed bag of studies designed to observe the effect of microgravity on a variety of phenomena ranging from solidification of molten semiconductors to joining metals by brazing.

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Sources:

Binder, Jack. “If Science Reached Earth’s Core.” Thrilling Wonder Stories, 12.2, October 1938, 98–99 at 99. Archive.org.  

Clarke, Arthur C. Islands in the Sky. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1952, 82. Archive.org.

Huntington, Edward V. “Discussion and Correspondence: The Fundamental Equation of Mechanics.” Science, 41.1049, 5 February 1915, 207–209 at 208–209. Biodiversity Heritage Library.

“1952 Science Review.” Science News Letter, 20 December 1952, 389. JSTOR.

Oxford English Dictionary Online, June 2018, s.v. zero gravity, n. & adj., zero-G, adj. & n., G, n.; December 2001, s.v. microgravity, n.

Prevost, Clifford A. “U.S. Developed Dive-Bombing.” Detroit Free Press, 9 June 1940, Magazine page 6/1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Robinson, Arthur L. “Crystal-Growing in Space: Significance Still Up in the Air.” Science, New Series, 187.4176, 14 February 1975, 527–28 at 527/1. JSTOR.

Sheidlower, Jesse. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction, 27 January 2021, s.v. zero-gravity, n.; 16 December 2020, s.v. zero-g, n.

Photo credit: Jim Campbell, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.