Michigan / Michigander / Michiganian

28 November 2022

Detail of a 1763 map of New France by Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette showing Lake Michigan

The lake came first, and the state is named for that. The name Michigan comes from an Algonquian language, probably from the Old Ojibwa *meshi-gami (big lake). In modern Ojibwa it is michaa (be big) + -gami (lake); there is also the modern Ojibwa gichigami (sea, one of the Great Lakes), although historically this would also have meant big lake.

Indigenous tribes and bands traditionally and currently resident in Michigan include the Ojibwe (Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa), Huron, and Potawatomi, among others.

Michigan as the name of the lake starts appearing in English in the mid eighteenth century. For example, there is this from the 1747 Complete System of Geography:

Lakes are here very large, and in great Number; the principal of which are those of Erie, Michigan, Huron, Superior, Frontenac, or Ontavia, Nipissing, Temiscaming, besides others of a smaller size.

The United States formally created the Michigan Territory in 1805, which would become the state in 1837. Here is an announcement of that creation that appeared in the Hudson, New York Bee on 12 February 1805:

Michigan Territory. Congress have passed an act dividing the Indiana Territory into two districts, the new government to be called the Territory of Michigan, described as follows:

“All that part of the Indiana Territory, which lies north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of lake Michigan, until it shall intersect lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend thro’ the middle of the said lake to its northern extremity, and then due north to the northern boundary of the United States.”

Originally, residents of Michigan were dubbed Michiganians. That name appears as early as 10 November 1813 in the title of a letter printed in Washington, DC’s Daily National Intelligencer. The letter was protesting the expulsion of American residents of Detroit by the British during the War of 1812. Fort Detroit had surrendered to the British the previous year, and the expulsion was contrary to the articles of surrender that had been negotiated.

One still sees Michiganian occasionally today, but that name has largely given way to Michigander. That name appears in a 16 September 1838 travelogue in Northampton, Massachusetts’s Hampshire Gazette:

I came, as I told you, the last thirty miles to Detroit by rail road. This is part of one which the Michiganders are making across St. Joseph’s. Another one parallel, and but a few miles south of it, is about being made in the States of Ohio and Indiana, from the Maumee River to Michigan city.

In 1848, Abraham Lincoln labeled Lewis Cass, a political opponent and former governor of the Michigan Territory, a Michigander, making a play on words by likening him to a goose. But, although many claim him to be, Lincoln was not the coiner of the term.

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Sources:

Bright, William. Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: U of Oklahoma Press, 2004.

“Canada: or, New France.” A Complete System of Geography, vol. 2 of 2. London: William Inkys, et al. 1747, 621. Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO).

Everett-Heath, John. Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names, sixth ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2020. Oxfordreference.com.

“Federal and State Recognized Tribes.” National Conference of State Legislatures, March 2020.

Marrin, Doug. “Abraham Lincoln Used ‘Michigander’ as an Insult.” Sun Times News (Dexter, Michigan), 1 April 2021.

“Michigan” (16 September 1838). Hampshire Gazette (Northampton, Massachusetts), 14 November 1838, 1. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

“Michigan Territory.” The Bee (Hudson, New York), 12 February 1805, 3.

Gray, Kathleen. “Michiganders or Michiganians? Lawmakers Settle It.” Detroit Free Press, 2 November 2017.

“The Michiganians” Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), 10 November 1813, 2. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, December 2001, s.v. Michigan, n., Michigander, n., Michiganian, n.

Image credit: Lewis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, 1673. Library of Congress. Public domain image.

in deep kimchi

A serving of kimchi. Pickled cabbage on a plate.

25 November 2022

Kimchi is a staple of Korean cuisine, a dish of fermented cabbage and other ingredients such as garlic, ginger, fermented fish paste, red pepper, and onions. The word starts appearing in English in the late nineteenth century. From an article with the dateline of 4 May 1888 in the August issue of the Christian missionary magazine The Gospel in All Lands:

There is a peculiar kind of pickle resembling sauer kraut which goes by the name of “kimchi,” and, while it is rather offensive to ordinary olfactories, it is not more so than the famous German dish.

The slang phrase in deep kimchi, a euphemism for in deep shit, arose among US military personnel stationed in South Korea. We don’t know exactly when service members started using the expression, but it was probably in the 1960s or early 1970s. There is no record of it from the Korean War era.

Craig Hiler’s 1979 novel about the Vietnam War, Monkey Mountain, has this line supposedly uttered in 1969:

If something happens before we can get backups flown in, then we’re in deep kimchi.

That may or may not reflect actual use of the phrase in 1969, but the earliest example in print is from the Christian Science Monitor of 26 September 1978 in an article about recently appointed chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff General David Jones:

Others credit General Jones with being “the principal and most vocal” supporter of the AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) radar plane program when it was “in deep kimchi” and with convincing Defense Secretary Harold Brown that it was wrong for the Air Force to kill its last wing of F-15 fighters and replace it with two other wings of F-16 fighters or A-10 ground attack aircraft.

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Sources:

“Customs in Korea” (4 May 1888). The Gospel in All Lands, August 1888, 366. Google Books.

Lighter, J.E. Historical Dictionary of American Slang, vol. 2 of 2. New York: Random House, 1997, s.v. kimchi, n.

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, September 2021, s.v. kimchee, n.

Popik, Barry. “Deep Kimchi (deep trouble).” The Big Apple (blog), 14 November 2020.

Webbe, Stephen. “Our Top Military Chief Prefers ‘Readiness Now.’” Christian Science Monitor, 26 September 1978, B–13. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Image credit: Star5112, 2008. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.

laundry / launder / money laundering / lavender

Oil on canvas painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, c.1735

23 November 2022

Launder, laundry, and associated words come to us from the Old French lavandiere (feminine) and lavandier (masculine), which in turn come from the Latin lavandaria. These terms originally refer to people who wash clothes. These made their way into English in the thirteenth century in the form lavender. Launder is a later contraction of that form.

The present-day word for the plant used in perfume making is from the Medieval Latin lavandula. The relation of laundry to the present-day lavender is uncertain. It may be that the plant was named because of its use in washing clothes, making them smell better, or it may be coincidence, or the plant name may have originally been *livindula and morphed through folk etymology by association with washing.

Laundry is first recorded as a surname. We have a record of an Isabella la Lavendre, living in Oxfordshire, from the year 1227. It was usually women who did this work, but we do have records of men with that name as well. There is, for instance, a record of a Geoffrey le Lavander from 1261.

The use of lavender outside of names is in place by 1350, when it appears in the poem Heye Louerd, Thou Here My Bone, found in the manuscript London, British Library, Harley, MS 2253:

Whil mi lif wes luther ant lees,
Glotonie mi glemon wes;
   With me he wonede a while.
Prude wes my plowe-fere;
Lecherie my lavendere;
   With hem is Gabbe ant Gyle.

(When my life was deceitful and false, gluttony was my minstrel; he dwelled with me for a while. Pride was my playmate, lechery my laundress, with them are gossip and guile.)

The contraction appears shortly thereafter. The hagiography of Saint Brice in London, British Library, Harley MS 4196, copied sometime between 1375–1425, contains these lines:

A woman þat his lander was
In þat tyme had done trispas:
Flesly scho had her body filde,
And was deliuer of a knaue-childe.

(A woman who was his laundress
In that time had sinned;
She had polluted her body carnally
And was delivered of a boy-child.)

The term money-laundering, that is using legitimate transactions to hide the origin of money from a criminal enterprise, doesn’t appear until much, much later. It becomes part of criminal jargon in the latter half of the twentieth century and makes its way into print by 1970. From an article about the mafia in Toronto’s Globe and Mail from 4 November 1970:

Ontario, Dr. Shulman said, as well as being a meeting place for Mafia members because they are not harassed by the police, is also favored as a place to invest money and to “launder” money.” [sic]

“Laundering,” Dr. Shulman said, is using unaccountable money from criminal activities for a legitimate transaction after which the money becomes usable.

And the term entered into the general lexicon as a result of the Watergate scandal. References to laundering the money used to finance President Nixon’s illegal campaign activities appeared many times in reporting on the scandal. Here is an early instance from the Evening Star and Washington Daily News of 12 January 1973:

Although the Justice Department charges do not detail where the $31,300 total came from or for what it was used, the prosecution’s statements in the Watergate trial have already tied the two $12,000 payments for Liddy to a Mexican money-laundering operation and Liddy’s surveillance assignments.

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Sources:

Green’s Dictionary of Slang, 2022, s.v. launder, v.

Hardy, Thomas, D., ed. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londoninensi (Close Rolls in the Tower of London), vol. 2. London: George E. Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode, 1844, 196. Google Books.

“Heye Louerd, Thou Here My Bone.” The Complete Harley 2253 Manuscript, vol. 2 of 3. Susanna Greer Fein, ed. TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2014, lines 52–57. London, British Library, Harley, MS 2253.

Manthorpe, Jonathan. “Links Four Ontario Men to International Syndicate.” Globe and Mail (Toronto), 7 November 1970, 4. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Middle English Dictionary, 2019, s.v. lavender(e, n.1.

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, September 2002, s.v. money, n.; second edition, 1989, s.v. launder, v., launder, n., lavender, n.1, lavender, n.2 and adj.

Polk, James R. “Nixon Campaign Panel Charged on Secret Use of Funds.” Evening Star and Washington Daily News (Washington, DC), 12 January 1973, C–Back Page. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

“De sancto Bricio diacono sancti Martini.” Altenglische Legenden. Carl Horstmann, ed. Heilbronn: Henninger, 1881, 156, lines 71–74. HathiTrust Digital Library. London, British Library, Harley MS 4196.

“Writ to Walter de Burges.” Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous (Chancery) Preserved in the Public Record Office, vol. 1 of 5. London: Stationery Office, 1916, 92. HathiTrust Digital Library.

Image credit: Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, c.1735, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain image as a mechanical reproduction of a public domain work.

fast and loose, play

Oil on panel painting from the school of Hieronymus Bosch of a mountebank cheating a crowd of marks with a shell game

21 November 2022

To play fast and loose is to be inconstant, to flout the rules, to cheat. The phrase comes from a con game that is in spirit, but not mechanics, akin to three-card monte. Other names for the game are pricking the garter, the endless chain, and the strap. Here is a description of the game from a mid-nineteenth century source, Halliwell’s Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words:

FAST-AND-LOOSE. A cheating game, played with a stick and a belt or string, so arranged that a spectator would think he could make the latter fast by placing a stick through its intricate folds, whereas the operator could detach it at once. The term is often used metaphorically.

As the title of Halliwell’s book suggests, the phrase is much older than the nineteenth century. It in fact dates to the mid sixteenth century. We actually have a record of the metaphorical use of fast and loose before its use as the name of the con game, but that’s not surprising given the gaps in the works that survive from this early stage of print publishing.

We see the phrase reversed from its familiar form in David Lindsay’s poem the Tragedie of the Unqhyle Maister Reuerende Fader Dauid. Lindsay (c.1490–c.1555) was a Scottish poet and diplomat, and the poem is about David Beaton, Cardinal Archbishop of Saint Andrews (c.1494–1546). Beaton was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and worked to create an alliance between Scotland and France in opposition to Henry VIII’s Protestant England. The poem was written between 1546–55 and published in 1558. The relevant lines read:

I wes the cause, off mekle more myschance
For uphald of, my glore and dignitie
And plesoure off, the potent king France
With England wald, I haue no vnitie
Bot quho consydder, wald the veritie
We mycht ful weil, haue leuit in peace and rast
Nyne or ten ȝeris, and than playit lowis or fast.

(I was the cause of much more mischance, because for my glory and dignity and pleasure I supported the powerful king of France; I would have no unity with England. But who would consider the truth, we might very well have lived in peace and rest for nine or ten years, and then played it loose or fast.)

We get the now-familiar form fast and loose in the title of another poem. This one is by Henry Howard, the Earl of Surrey, and was published in 1557:

Of a new maried studient that plaied fast or lose.

A Studient at his boke so plast:
That welth he might haue wonne,
From boke to wife did flete in hast,
From wealth to wo to runne.
Now, who hath plaied a feater cast,
Since iugling first begonne?
In knitting of him self so fast,
Him selfe he hath vndonne.

(Of a newly married student who played fast or loose.

A student so placed at his books that he might have won wealth, fled from book to wife in haste, ran from wealth to woe. Now, who has played a more fitting throw since juggling was invented, in knitting himself so fast, he has undone himself.)

We get a mention of the con game in George Whetstone’s 1578 play Promos and Cassandra. In this passage a hangman is speaking:

Heare are new ropes, how are my knots, I saith fyr slippery.
At fast or loose, with my Giptian, I meane to haue a cast:
Tenne to one I read his fortune by the Marymas fast,

Shakespeare would draw upon Whetstone’s play and Whetstone’s later prose version of the tale as a source for the plot of Measure for Measure. And Shakespeare would use the phrase fast and loose in three of his plays, each time using the name of the con game to describe some other deception. The first of these is in the play King John, which was probably written in the 1590s, but not published until the 1623 First Folio. In this passage the king of France is speaking:

And shall these hands so lately purg’d of blood?
So newly ioyn’d in loue? so strong in both?
Vnyoke this seysure, and this kind regreete?
Play fast and loose with faith? so iest with heauen,
Make such vnconstant children of our selues,

Shakespeare used the phrase twice in Love’s Labours Lost, whose quarto version was published in 1598. The first of these is in Act 1, Scene 2:

Ar. Take away this villaine, shut him vp.
Boy. Come, you transgressing slaue, away.
Clow. Let me not be pent vp, sir, I will fast being loose.
Boy. No, sir, that were fast and loose: thou shalt to prison.

And the second from Act 3, Scene 1:

Clo. The Boy hath sold him a bargaine, a Goose, that's flat.
Sir, your penny-worth is good, and your goose be fat.
To sell a bargain well is as cunning as fast and loose:
Let me see; a fat Lenuoy, I that's a fat goose.

And he would use it in Antony and Cleopatra, which was first performed in 1607 and published in the 1623 First Folio:

O this false Soule of Egypt! this graue Charm,
Whose eye beck'd forth my Wars, & cal'd them home;
Whose Bosome was my Crownet, my chiefe end,
Like a right Gypsie, hath at fast and loose,
Beguil’d me, to the very heart of losse.

Shakespeare’s repeated use of the phrase undoubtedly played a role in keeping the phrase alive long after the con game that inspired it had been forgotten.

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Sources:

Halliwell, James Orchard. A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, vol. 1 of 2. London: John Russell Smith, 1846, 348, s.v. fast-and-loose. HathiTrust Digital Archive.

Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey. Songes and Sonettes, London: Richard Tottel, 1557, fol. 64r. Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Lindsay, David. “Tragedie of the Unqhyle Maister Reuerende Fader Dauid” (before 1555). Ane Dialog Betuix Experience and ane Courteour. Paris: for Sammuel Iascuy, 1558, sig. A4v. Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, June 2021, s.v. fast and loose, n. and adj.

Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. In Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. London: Isaac Iaggard and Edward Blount, 1623, 4.12, 361. First Folio, Folger copy # 68.

———. King John. In Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. London: Isaac Iaggard and Edward Blount, 1623, 3.1, 10. First Folio, Folger copy # 68.

———. A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called Loues Labors Lost (Quarto 1). London: W.W. for Cutbert Burby, 1598, 1.2, sig. B3v and 3.1, sig. C4v–D1r. London, British Library, Huth MS C.34.I.14. 

Whetstone, George. The Right Excellent and Famous Historye, of Promos and Cassandra. London: John Charlewood for Richard Jones, 1578, 2.5, sig. C3r. Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Image credit: Unknown artist from the school of Hieronymus Bosch. Saint-Germain-en-Laye Civic Museum. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain image as a mechanical reproduction of a public domain work.

oat / sow one's wild oats / feel one's oats

Oats growing in a field. Tall grasses under a blue, cloudless sky.

18 November 2022

Oat, or oats, as it is usually found in the plural, was famously defined in Samuel Johnson’s 1755 dictionary as:

A grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.

The word comes to us from the Old English ate or æte. It has cognates in other West Germanic languages, oat in Frisian and oot in Dutch, but most Germanic languages use words from a different root for the grain. In Swedish and Danish it is havre, and in German it is hafer. English also has haver, found chiefly in northern England and Scots, areas once ruled or heavily influenced by the Danes, and that word is a borrowing from Old Norse.

The Old English ate appears mainly in glosses, but one non-glossed use is from the tenth-century medical and herbal text commonly known as Bald’s Leechbook. Here it is used in a recipe for a dressing to be used on infected wounds:

Lacna ða scearpan þus, genim beanmela oþþe ætena oððe beres oþþe swilces meluwes swa þe þince þæt hit onniman wille, do eced to & hunig, seoþ ætgædere & lege on & bind on þa saran stowa.

(Dress the wounds thusly, take bean-meal or oats or barley or such meals as you think that will receive it, add vinegar & honey, infuse together & lay on & bind on the sore spot.)

In addition to the cultivated grain, there is the wild oat, and that term also dates back to Old English, where it appears in glosses to translate the Latin lolium or zizania. These are wild grasses, considered to be weeds in most places, and in the same family, Poaceae, as the cultivated oat. One such use of the Old English wilde ata can be found as a gloss for zizania in the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Latin text is from c.700 C.E., and the interlinear Old English gloss was added in the tenth century. Here is the interlinear gloss from Matthew 13.30, part of the Parable of the Sower:

& in tid hripes ic willo cuoeða ðæm hrippemonnum geadriges ꝉ somniges ærist ða unwæstma ꝉ wilde ata & bindas ða bunda ꝉ byrðenno ꝉ sceafa to bernenne.

(& at harvest time I will tell the harvesters to first gather / collect the weeds / wild oats and bind the bundle / fasces / sheaves to be burned.)

Of course, the phrase wild oats is commonly seen today in the phrase to sow one’s wild oats. The phrase refers to engaging in the dissipation and excesses of youth. The phrase’s underlying metaphor is that of sowing useless wild grasses instead of grain for cultivation. It is recorded in Thomas Newton’s 1576 The Touchstone of Complexions in a passage about the adolescent brain:

Hereuppon doe wee vse a Prouerbiall similitude taken of the nature and conditions of yonge Calues, which in the Sprynge tyme of the yeare (in ye greene pastures, when theyr bellyes be ful) skippe and leape vp and downe, wantonlye and toyingly fysking and iumpynge, now this waye, nowe that waye, nowe rounde about, one whyle raysing themselues vppon the forefeete, an otherwhyle vpon the hynder Leggs: whose maners & fashyo[n]s, such yo[n]g youthes as in their daily order of lyfe do imitate and resemble, are sayde in latine vitulari, which is, to bee as wanton and toying as a yonge Calfe: or not to haue shedde all theyr Calues teeth: or that theyr Iawes ytche with Caluishe wantonnes:

The Booke of Wysedome (fathered and asscrybed vnto Salomon) sayth: Spuria vitulamina no[n] agent radices altas, nec stabile fundamentum collocabunt: Bastarde Slippes shal take no deepe rootes nor laye any fast foundation.

By these Phrases of speach, we meane that wilfull and vnruly age, which lacketh rypenes and discretion, and (as wee saye) hath not sowed all theyr wyeld Oates, but as yet remayne withoute eyther forcast or consideration of any thinge that may afterward turne them to benefite, playe the wanton yonkers, and wilfull Careawayes. Seyng therfore yt Adolescencie and youthful age consisteth in a constitucion of Hoat and moyst, & is fuller of bloud then anye other: it is to this place therefore namely and specially to be referred.

(Hereupon do we use a proverbial similitude taken from nature and the conditions of young calves, which in the springtime of the year (in the green pastures, when their bellies are full) skip and leap up and down, wantonly and toyingly fisking and jumping, now this way, now that way, now round about, some while raising themselves upon their forefeet, and others upon their hind legs; whose manners and fashions, such young youths in their daily order of life do imitate and resemble, as is said in the Latin vitulari, which is to be as wanton and toying as a young calf; or not to have shed their calves’ teeth: or that their jawes itch with calvish wantonness:

The Book of Wisdom (fathered and ascribed to Solomon) says Spuria vitulamina no[n] agent radices altas, nec stabile fundamentum collocabunt: bastard slips shall take no deep roots nor lay any fast foundation.

By these phrases of speech, we mean that willful and unruly age, which lacks ripeness and discretion, and (as we say) have not sowed all their wild oats, but as yet remain without either forecast or consideration of anything that may afterward turn them to benefit, play the wanton yonkers, and willful caraways. Seeing therefore that adolescence and youthful age consists in a constitution of hot and moist, & is fuller of blood than any other: it is a place therefore namely and specially to be referred.)

The noun phrase wild oat, meaning a dissolute youth, can be found a few decades earlier, however, indicating that sowing one’s wild oats is somewhat older than Newton’s text. From Thomas Becon’s 1543 A Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye, complaining about the strange fashions of the kids today:

And what shall I saye of the manifold & straunge fasshions of the garmentes, that are vsed nowe a dayes? I thi[n]ke Satan studieth not so much to inuent newe fasshyons to bryng christen men into his snare, as the Taylours nowe a dayes are co[m]pelled to excogitate, inue[n]t & ymagyne diuersities of fasshyo[n]s for apparel, that they maye satisfy the foolyshe desyre of certayne lyghte braynes & wylde Otes, which are all togither gyuen to newe fanglenes.

The other common phrase relating to oats is to feel one’s oats. This one is more recent and American in origin, dating to the early nineteenth century. The underlying metaphor of a horse that becomes frisky after it has been fed. It appears as early as 5 May 1830 in the Rhode Island newspaper the Providence Patriot:

Tommy Chilton, M.C., begins to feel his oats. He lately introduced a resolution calling upon the President to assign causes for every removal which had been made under the present administration. This impertinent measure was treated as it deserved—19 voting for, and 123 against its consideration.

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Sources:

Becon, Thomas. A Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye Full of Many Godly and Swete Floures. London: Johan Mayler for Johan Gough, 1543, sig. E.ii.v–E.iii.r. Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Cockayne, Oswald, ed. Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. 2 of 3. London: Longman, et al., 1865, 1.35, 84. London, British Library Royal MS 12.D.xvii. HathiTrust Digital Archive.

Dictionary of Old English: A to I. University of Toronto, 2018, s.v. ate, æte, n.

Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language (1755). Beth Rapp Young, Jack Lynch, William Dorner, Amy Larner Giroux, Carmen Faye Mathes, and Abigail Moreshead, eds. 2021. s.v. oats, n.

Newton, Thomas. The Touchstone of Complexions. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576, 98r–v. Early English Books Online (EEBO).

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, March 2004, s.v. oat, n.; December 2011, wild oat, n.; March 2015, s.v., haver, n.2.

“Providence.” Providence Patriot Columbian Phoenix, 5 May 1830, 2. Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers.

Skeat, Walter W., ed. The Gospel According to Saint Matthew in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1887, 13.30, 113. London, British Library, Cotton MS Nero D.iv. HathiTrust Digital Archive.

Photo credit: W. Carter, 2016. Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.